Essay The Importance of Fallout Shelters - 1039 Words

A fallout shelter is a shelter that was used in a time of need. From 1947 to 1991, fallout shelters were a big hit during the Cold war. The fallout shelter represents the atomic age and how families got through nuclear attacks. A lot was contributed in the making of these shelters, and they kept families together. Time and effort to keep America safe is what made these shelters important to American History. Not only are the fallout shelters a symbol of the cold war and fear, but it also significantly impacted America because they protected Americans from radioactive debris, gave America shelter in a time of war, and it reduced casualties. The Shelters protected America from radioactive debris. The free-standing, double hulled structure†¦show more content†¦Along with packing enough material for the time being, a shelter plan is a must (Bomb Shelter Guide). Before the shelters, the issue of the Cold War and nuclear attack were introduced and it induced panic (â€Å"Kennedy Urges Americans to Build Bomb Shelters†). As the nuclear attack was seen as a threat to Americans, Cuba had already received nuclear missiles. Cuba’s nuclear missile attack was known as the Cuban Missile Crisis, in which the USSR placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. This event resulted in the 13 days crisis. The 13 days crisis was tense, and during this time period, Americans began to stock up on canned foods. Canned food was the only food Americans shopped for because none of the shelters had refrigeration, and there were no stoves or microwaves (â€Å"The Family Fallout Shelter†-Nebraska). Games like Monopoly, or cards wer e often played in the shelters to pass time by. Girls often had diaries to write in about how living in the shelter was like. Weve suffered a war, and one thing we know: Whenever our nations faced war, whether it was in the 1980s when we were winning the Cold War or in the 1940s during World War II, the responsible thing to do has been to borrow money to win the war (Mehlman). On top of Americans having shelter, fear and casualties were reduced (â€Å"Fallout Shelters).Washington was the main focal point of the nuclear threat, and because of that, these shelters were offered for their protection and safety. To promote fallout shelters inShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War, Soviet Russia And The U.s.2500 Words   |  10 Pagesmillion refrigerators, 1.4 million electric ranges and 1.1 million home freezers were sold. In a debate with Soviet Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev, American President Richard Nixon praised the technological proficiency of the American kitchen and the importance of improving domestic life - Isn t it better to be talking about the relative merits of our washing machines than the relative strengt h of our rockets? ... Isn t this the kind of competition you want?. For Nixon, it was vital that the discussionRead MoreSection 4. Role Of The Community Health Nurse. The Role1180 Words   |  5 Pagespublic health nurses during this chaotic time. The more people who know how to help in the disaster also lessens the number of injuries and casualties during the event. Being involved with community officials ensures that the community has adequate shelter and materials to sustain those impacted by the nuclear event. Primary Prevention As with any community health issue, the single most important primary prevention strategy against a nuclear disaster is education. The more educated the public isRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II970 Words   |  4 PagesEvents such as the Yalta Conference, Truman Doctrine, Potsdam Conference, and the Marshall Plan also greatly influenced the start of this long-lasting war. Nationalism is a strong belief that the interests of a particular nation-state are of primary importance. It is also the belief that people who share a common language, history, and culture should constitute an independent nation, free of foreign domination. The United States was in fear of Communism from the Soviet Union after many threats from rulerRead MorePreparedness Of Emergency Management Preparedness1369 Words   |  6 Pagesdefined, in the field of emergency management, as a state of readiness to respond to a disaster, crisis, or any other type of emergency situation. Throughout history the United States has always practiced some sort of preparedness. The text cites fallout shelters built in the 1950s in preparation of a potential air raid from the Soviet Union. Emergency management preparedness is nothing new to this country. It is not only a way to protect lives and property it is a way to ensure the viability of the communityRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy and His In augural Address Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pageswhich President John Fitzgerald Kennedy delivered one of the most memorable speeches in American History. His Inaugural address is one in which many famous quotes come from and one that is emulated in present speeches. In order to understand the importance of this inoculation one must understand the atmosphere of our nation at that time and what President Kennedy was trying to get across to his constituents. In this essay I will give you background information pertaining to the state our union inRead MoreSimulation And Weather Data Files Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pages The development is shown in Figure 2.11 and Figure 2.12. At first, the purpose of those programs was to calculate the air conditioning (HVAC) equipment, sizing, heating and ventilating, then it was used for thermal environment evaluation in fallout shelters (Judkoff et al., 2008). The aim of the building energy simulation or building performance simulation (BPS), is to simulate a building with certain climatic data conditions, affect the thermal response of the building, embodies the interactionRead MoreHaiti: Hope for a Better Life Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pageswould be hard enough to handle by itself, but the people had an even harder time recovering because these events happened within two years of each other. The country did not have time to recover from the food crisis before dealing with the earthquake fallout. Natural resources or industries were needed to improve their situation. There was, and is, a great need to enhance economic opportunities for the people of Haiti. Creating products to export would ameliorate Haitian economy. Some products they currentlyRead MoreLord of the Flies: World War IIs Impact Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pageswas a threatening, looming tension between the two world superpowers. The tension reached its peak when the US completed its first successful hydrogen bomb test. A second, more powerful bomb was successfu lly detonated in 1954 by the US. Public fallout shelters were established in major cities, and bomb drills were practiced as frequently as fire drills today. The nuclear war that Lord of the Flies suggested was not out of the realm of possibility at its time of publication (â€Å"Lord of the Flies,† NovelsRead MoreAtomic Weapons And The Atomic Bomb1709 Words   |  7 Pagesit close to 50 million lives and devastating not only families, but entire nations (By The Numbers). Due to the incredible loss of life, the United States understood that ending the war, especially the ongoing war in the pacific, was of paramount importance. Unfortunately for the Japanese, it would be its country’s own sense of pride and nationalism that brought its undoing. Despite being overpowered, without resources, and lacking a functioning navy, the Japanese government refused to surrenderRead MoreBanning Weapons Of Mass Destructions2663 Words   |  11 Pagesnuclear weapons in small amounts, such as a kilton, can prove useful with such information as designing special effects for weapons (Weeks). Finally with first responders learning how to treat victims attacked by a chemical or biological weapon, the importance to focus on regular bombings is just as important. Statistics show that regular bombings used by the United States against other countries have caused more damage than a weapon of mass destruction. The weapon of mass destruction may be designed

Project Risk Management Plan - 2746 Words

The simulation requires that the project manager successful and effectively manage the Project Integra that will influence the integration between American Bank of Indiana (ABI) and First American Financial Service Group (FAFS). A successful Project Manager must simultaneously manage the four basic elements of a project: resources, time, money, and most important, scope. To excel at this position an individual must have communication and interpersonal skills, attention to detail, and strong analytical skills. The Project Manager must motivate the project team to adopt the goal and methods to achieve them by evaluation through performance. The Project Manager must break the project into many steps and perform them in logical order. This†¦show more content†¦The time span of a project being finite puts pressure on decision-making processes where factors other than analysis will dictate the effectiveness of a decision. Using non-project resource and an increase is budget will create a work environment that is conducive to high-performance, both physically and organizationally. It will be up to the project manager to assist within group processes and keep informal channels of communication open. By showing commitment to the project, and continuity, morale will increase, which could ultimately save time, and money. Weighing of Perceived RisksA major source of risk in project management is inaccurate forecasts of project costs, demand, and other impacts (Flyvbjerg, B.). The following risks were established, which are listed in order to minimize an undesirable outcome. 1.Resource Constraints2.Skills and Competency3.Dependency on FAFS for Design Inputs4.Availability Systems and Standards5.Legacy Systems and Standards6.Infrastructure Problems7.Natural or Manmade Disasters8.Technology Obsolescence9.Change in Management Priorities10.Lack of Team Synergy and CommitmentThe result of the risk planning is the Plan how to manage risks and the List of Risks with actions to avoid them. The Risk Management Plan contains definition of roles and responsibilities related to the risk management, potential risks scoring and interpretation, the way of tracking and reporting format. InShow MoreRelatedProject Risk Management Plan1382 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Project Risk Management Plan PM/584 July 14, 2014 Project Risk Management Plan The purpose of the risk management plan is to identify any event or condition that may occur which could have a positive or negative affect on the project. Risks management is the process of identifying, assessing, responding to, monitoring, and reporting risks. The Risks Management Plan will define how risks associated with the Baderman Island Casino Hotel project will be identified, analyzedRead MoreA Project Risk Management Plan1546 Words   |  7 Pages A risk is an event or condition that, if it occurs, could have a positive or negative effect on a project’s objectives. A project risk is an event which have a positive and negative impact on a project objectives. Risk Management is the process of identifying, assessing, responding to, monitoring, and reporting risks. A Project risk management plan is critical in identifying, monitoring and reporting risks. This Risk Management Plan defines how risks associated with ten story-building projectRead MoreAbi Project Risk Ma nagement Plan3254 Words   |  14 PagesRunning head: ABI PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN ABI Project Risk Management Plan Your Name Here University of Phoenix ABI Project Risk Management Plan The recent acquisition of the ABI company by FAFS mean that ABI needs to change many of their internal processes to coordinate and be accessible by both entities. The union of these banking companies means a merging of databases and software applications. The challenge is to implement the fusion of these companies in a timely cost efficientRead MoreIs3110 Project: Risk Management Plan1805 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction a. Scope b. Assign to departments c. Risk Matrix d. Risk mitigation plan e. Impact Analysis II. (BIA) f. Departments g. Business Impact h. Costs Analysis III. Recommendations (BIA) i. Business Impact Analysis Results j. Maximum Acceptable Outage IV. (DLIS) Business Continuity Plan a. Purpose b. Scope c. Plan Objectives d. Disaster definition e. Recovery teams f. Read MoreRisk Management Plan the Silver Fiddle Construction Company Project: Czopeks Dream Home Project3559 Words   |  15 PagesUnit 5 Assignment 1 – Course Project: Risk Management Plan The Silver Fiddle Construction Company Project: Czopeks Dream Home Project Matthew Daley 16 February 2014 Capella University Professor Haziel Matias MBA6233 – Assessing and Mitigating Risk Section 101 Introduction: Silver Fiddle Construction Company specializes in building high quality, customized homes in Grand Junction, Colorado. Silver Fiddle Construction Company has been contracted to build a 2,500-square foot, 2 ½-bath 3-bedroomRead MoreBusiness Analysis : Rhubarb Bakers1326 Words   |  6 Pagesoffer the service of the team that is friendly and knowledgable. Management summary: Team Expertise John Callum (Head chef) Pastry chef for more than 25 years at Langham hotel, Auckland Navjot kaur ( Project manager) 15 years of experience in hospitality and expert in accounting and finance Parmeet kaur (HRM and consultant) Human Resource Manager(HRM) with an exerience of 15 years as HR consultant and Risk management Expert. Sunil Nadella (Maintenance manager) Mechanical engineerRead MoreBusiness Paper2611 Words   |  11 PagesIMPACT ON FINANCIAL DEPARTMENT: 1 Section 2.0 2 LINKAGES WITH OTHER DEPARTMENTS: 2 Section 3.0 3 MILESTONES AND TIME PLAN FOR FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES: 3 Section 4.0 4 RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN: 4 TABLE 1: Showing Risk Plan for Implementation Plan 5 TABLE 2: Showing Risk Assessment for Implementation Plan 5 Section 5.0 6 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW OF INVESTMENT: 6 COST-PLAN 6 TABLE 3: SHOWING DETAILED EXPENSE ACCOUNT 7 TABLE 4: SHOWING TOTAL PROJECTED YEARLY INCOME 8 TABLE 5: SHOWING PROJECTEDRead Moreis3110 project1391 Words   |  6 PagesProject Project: Risk Management Plan Purpose This project provides an opportunity to apply the competencies gained in the units of this course to develop a risk management plan for a specific business problem related to an organization’s identification of an outdated plan. Required Source Information and Tools The following tools and resources that will be needed to complete this project: ï‚ § Course textbook ï‚ § Internet access for research ï‚ § Defense Logistics Agency: www.dla.mil Learning ObjectivesRead MoreProject Risk And Risk Management1412 Words   |  6 Pages1- Abstract: Project Risk is an undefined event that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative impact in the project’s results. There are two types of risks can affect the project, they are threats and opportunities. The first affects negatively and the second affects positively. These risks can be individual risks or overall project risk. The project risk management includes six process: 1- Risk Management Planning: Deciding how to plan and execute the activities. 2- Risk Identification: DeterminingRead MoreAnalyze The Concept Of Risk. Risk Is Not A Problem Risk1374 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyze the Concept of Risk Risk is not a problem; risk is an issue that could possibly develop and affect the outcome of a project (Risk Management Plan, 1997). The cost of the project, quality, scope, and schedule could all be affected if a risk surfaces. This does not necessarily mean that the risk is negative; risks can create a positive opportunity (Project Management Institute, 2013). For example the vendor informs us that the specified wood flooring is no longer available; as a result

Vacant Chapter 9 Love Free Essays

The words are ringing in my ears: â€Å"I love you.† It occurs to me I may have misheard. It’s the only possible explanation. We will write a custom essay sample on Vacant Chapter 9 Love or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"So, you’re okay? Don’t listen to those girls, Emily.† I’ll just pretend those three little words aren’t hanging in the air – regardless of whether they were actually said. â€Å"Ethan, did you hear what I just said?† What do I say? I have no idea how to approach this, so I just stare at her wide-eyed. After a few moments, I feel warmth creeping up my thigh and realize its Emily’s hand. At first, it’s an attempt to get my attention, but as her hand ascends, I realize the intent is not so innocent. â€Å"We have to go. It’s time to go,† I say, stilted, like Rain Man talking about his Kmart underwear. I grip the steering wheel for dear life because if I don’t, the car and my life will go careening into the abyss. I’ve spent all this time convincing myself that Emily and I could never be anything but friends. Knowing that she may feel the same about me as I feel about her will complicate things, and I suddenly feel trapped. It’s so quiet as we drive, that I hear a small plinking that would go unnoticed otherwise, but as I near the duplex, the sound the car is making increases. I briefly wonder if it’s because the plink is getting worse or the quiet is just so intense. I make a mental note to find the origin of the plinking before putting too many more miles on the car. I should be thinking about the woman sitting next to me and her recent declaration instead of small pings, but I’m not†¦ I can’t. If I do†¦ no. I can’t think. I’m not even sure how I get here, but I’m sitting in the middle of my bed, having an argument with myself. It’s no surprise that I’m winning. â€Å"She told you she loves you.† â€Å"She says she loves to cook. She loves lots of things.† â€Å"She’s in there and you’re in here.† â€Å"You really need to clean the ceiling fan blades.† I can’t help but roll my eyes at myself. When I finally exit my room, the apartment is dark and quiet. Emily is asleep on the couch with a tight grip on the blankets. Little does she know she’s gripping at my heart the same way. The notebook on the side table catches my eye, and I can’t help but snoop. As I near it, I see there are several wads of paper strewn across the floor – discarded because they weren’t perfect. The top piece, still clinging to life in its spiral bindings, is flawless. Dear Ethan – Sitting down to write this, I’ve never felt more like a young girl than I do right now. For the past two years, I’ve looked at you every day in hopes that someday – you’d feel for me, what I feel for you. But now I see that we perceive different things regarding our relationship. Maybe it could be classified on my part as hero worship, but I’d like to think I’m smarter than that. I think I know the difference between infatuation and love. I know there is a difference in our ages, but who cares? My heart has no idea how old your heart is. I just know that if I don’t tell you, it will fester inside me, and I’ll die a slow painful death. I’ve only ever loved my mom and never really knew what it was like to care for another person until I met you. I didn’t fall in love with you that first day, but after many months of learning to appreciate your care and concern, I could see how kind your soul – your whole being is. That’s when I knew another kind of love existed. It isn’t the type of love between family members, or a crush, but a true love that is unconditional and lasting, a love that I can no longer hide. I know you probably don’t return these feelings, but I couldn’t go another second without you knowing. I understand if it makes you uncomfortable, and I’ll find another place to live if you feel like we can no longer be friends. Love always, Emily I tightly clutch the notebook page in my hand. How can she do this to me? Doesn’t she know what she’s done? No†¦ it’s not right. Not now, and without any further thoughts, I’m out the door. How to cite Vacant Chapter 9 Love, Essay examples

Biol 1209 writing assignment free essay sample

Lake Malawi’s cichlid male population of fish are tested on their ability to build bowers to attract the female population. Altering this extended phenotype, or ability to build bowers resulted in no change of mating, but males that built successful bowers showed to be less aggressive with other males in the population. This is important in maintaining polymorphic populations (Magalhaes, 2014). In my self-created scenario, the focus is on the small male population of cichlid fish. The male cichlid fish ability to build successful bowers is dominant while not building successful bowers is recessive within the population. After a recent hurricane wiped out the cichlid population food source, the male population has been tested on their ability to find other food for the female population. The ability includes better strength and speed. Female cichlid fish find this new ability to more attractive than building successful bowers because of this environmental change. The purpose of this study is to determine natural selection and to see if the male population of cichlid fish will be altered due to the changes in their environment. Null Hypothesis: The male population of cichlid fish will not have an altered allele frequency due to changes in the environment. Alternative Hypothesis: The male population of cichlid fish will have an altered allele frequency due to changes in the environment. Methods: PopG software was used to perform this experiment. The data listed below are the settings used for each trial of each different figure. Figure 1 Population size =100 Fitness values AA =1. 0 Aa = 1. 0 aa = 1. 0 Mutation Rate Aa =0. 03 aA = 0 Migration = 0 Initial allele frequency = 0. 5 Number of generations = 100 Figure 2 Population size = 100 Fitness values AA = 1. 0 Aa = 1. 0 aa = 1. 0 Mutation Rate Aa = 0 aA = 0 Migration = 0.8 Initial allele frequency = 0. 5 Number of generations = 100 Figure 3 Population size =100 Fitness values AA =0. 5 Aa = 1. 0 aa = 0. 6 Mutation Rate Aa =0 aA =0 Migration = 0 Initial allele frequency = 0. 5 Number of generations = 100 Figure 4 Population size =100 Fitness values AA =1. 0 Aa = 1. 0 aa = 1. 0 Mutation Rate Aa =0 aA = 0. 001 Migration = 0 Initial allele frequency = 0. 5 Number of generations =100 Results: The frequency of alleles of the male population of cichlid fish is shown in the graphs below. Each figure consists the average of five trials. In figure 1 a mutation that takes over the recessive alleles in the male population of cichlid fish causes the allele frequency to become a rate of 0. 116. Figure 2 shows the effect of migration at a rate of 0. 8 on the male cichlid fish population. The parameter of migration makes the average allele frequency 0. 366. Figure 3 involves a change in the fitness of both the homozygous dominant and recessive alleles of the male cichlid fish. Their fitness are decreased to 0. 5 and 0. 6 and that results in an average of 0. 496 for the allele frequency. The last figure, figure 4, involves another mutation, but over the dominant alleles at a rate of 0. 001. The average after this new mutation is 0. 318. Figure 1. This graph depicts the average allele frequency value of male cichlid fish when a new mutation that goes from dominant to recessive arises in the male population after the hurricane hit Lake Malawi. Over five trials the average allele frequency after this mutation is shown to be 0. 116. Figure 2. This graph depicts the average allele frequency of male cichlid fish when their population migrates at a rate of 0. 8 after the hurricane decreased their food source. Over five trials the average allele frequency with this change in the migration rate is 0. 366. Figure 3. This graph depicts the average allele frequency of male cichlid fish when the change of fitness in the homozygous dominant (AA) and the homozygous recessive (aa) are decreased to 0. 5 and 0. 6 based on their ability to find food sources after the hurricane hit. The average value over five trials is shown to be 0. 496. Figure 4. This graph depicts the average allele frequency of male cichlid fish when a mutation that goes from recessive to dominant arises within the population at a rate of 0. 001. The average value over five trials is shown to be 0. 318. Discussion: From the data we can conclude that different traits or parameters can effect a population in many different ways. It can decrease or increase a population depending on the trait. After a hurricane hits Lake Malawi the cichlid fish male population must adapt to the new factors that have been put upon them. Mutation within the population supports the fact that it can cause dominant and recessive allele frequency to decrease. Migration causes the allele frequency to lower as well due to movement of the population after the hurricane. The cichlid male fish with a higher fitness are more suitable for their environment, but when their fitness is lowered, their allele frequency decreases. This decrease puts the more fit fish on top making their trait more favorable to pass onto other generations. In this experiment since the fitness was lowered there was a decrease in the allele frequency. The overall results show that the null hypothesis is rejected because the results support the alternative hypothesis that the male population of cichlid fish will have an altered allele frequency due to changes in their environment, in this case a hurricane.

Summary of A Victim Essay Example

Summary of A Victim Essay In Bruno Bettelheim’s A Victim, his purpose is to prove that the victim has as much control over a situation as the aggressor. He demonstrates that if one does not act like a victim, then one will not be treated as a victim. Bettelheim also proves that if a person does not behave in an expected way then one can not stereotype them (Bettelheim 57). Bettelheim makes the point that the victim acts in ways that are just as annoying as the aggressor’s actions. Attention is not brought to it because it is easier to say if the aggression will come to a stop, then the person getting victimized reactions will change. He explains that will not always happen, because the victim and aggressor are interlocked. They both have the same effect on each other, and no one assumes that the victims actions play a role on the aggressor’s reaction (57). Bettelheim’s next point is if one does not act like a victim then one will not be treated as a victim. Because he does not beg or act like there was such a difference in him and the guard, he is not acting as the rest of the victims. It is shocking to the guard, his expectations of the Jewish people is not how this man is acting, and he lets the man through to get further treatment. Since the man does not act like a victim, it is hard for the guard to treat him as one (58). â€Å"Since I did not act as the dangerous Jew was expected to, I did not activate the anxieties that went with his stereotype† (58). We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of A Victim specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of A Victim specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of A Victim specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Bettelheim’s main purpose, is that the victim has as much control over a situation as the aggressor.

Free Essays on Internet Usage

"The Communications Decency Act is an amendment which prevents the information superhighway from becoming a computer "red light district." On June 14, 1995, by a vote of 84-16, the United States Senate passed the amendment. It is now being brought through the House of Representatives.1 The Internet is owned and operated by the government, which gives them the obligation to restrict the materials available through it. Though it appears to have sprung up overnight, the inspiration of free-spirited hackers, it in fact was born in Defense Department Cold War projects of the 1950s.2 The United States Government owns the Internet and has the responsibility to determine who uses it and how it is used. The government must control what information is accessible from its agencies. This material is not lawfully available through the mail or over the telephone, there is no valid reason these perverts should be allowed unimpeded on the Internet. Since our initiative, the industry has commendably advanced some blocking devices, but they are not a substitute for well-reasoned law.4 Because the Internet has become one of the biggest sources of information in this world, legislative safeguards are imperative. The government gives citizens the privilege of using the Internet, but it has never given them the right to use it. They seem to rationalize that the framers of the constitution planned & plotted at great length to make certain that above all else, the profiteering pornographer, the pervert and the pedophile must be free to practice their pursuits in the presence of children on a taxpayer created and subsidized computer network.3 People like this are the ones in the wrong. Taxpayer's dollars are being spent bringing obscene text and graphics into the homes of people all over the world." Computer, Internet, Privacy INTERNET REGULATION: POLICING CYBERSPACE The Inte... Free Essays on Internet Usage Free Essays on Internet Usage "The Communications Decency Act is an amendment which prevents the information superhighway from becoming a computer "red light district." On June 14, 1995, by a vote of 84-16, the United States Senate passed the amendment. It is now being brought through the House of Representatives.1 The Internet is owned and operated by the government, which gives them the obligation to restrict the materials available through it. Though it appears to have sprung up overnight, the inspiration of free-spirited hackers, it in fact was born in Defense Department Cold War projects of the 1950s.2 The United States Government owns the Internet and has the responsibility to determine who uses it and how it is used. The government must control what information is accessible from its agencies. This material is not lawfully available through the mail or over the telephone, there is no valid reason these perverts should be allowed unimpeded on the Internet. Since our initiative, the industry has commendably advanced some blocking devices, but they are not a substitute for well-reasoned law.4 Because the Internet has become one of the biggest sources of information in this world, legislative safeguards are imperative. The government gives citizens the privilege of using the Internet, but it has never given them the right to use it. They seem to rationalize that the framers of the constitution planned & plotted at great length to make certain that above all else, the profiteering pornographer, the pervert and the pedophile must be free to practice their pursuits in the presence of children on a taxpayer created and subsidized computer network.3 People like this are the ones in the wrong. Taxpayer's dollars are being spent bringing obscene text and graphics into the homes of people all over the world." Computer, Internet, Privacy INTERNET REGULATION: POLICING CYBERSPACE The Inte...

Analysis of United States based television networks that service the Research Paper

Analysis of United States based television networks that service the U.S. Hispanic market - Research Paper Example On the other hand, Latino is considered broader term including different ancestries like Spanish, Brazilians etc. Thus, it can be concluded that Hispanics just involve Spanish- speaking persons from Latin America excluding Portuguese speaking Brazilians. According to the census of 2010, South America has about 85, 000 Spanish Americans in its total population composition. Most of the Hispanic population resides on the eastern parts of United States whereas Latinos prefer to have their accommodation on the western ends. As far as the total population of the United States is concerned, Hispanics constitute 16.7% of the total population and form the largest group based on ethnicity next to White Americans- a group of people composed of various other sub- groups like Latinos, Hispanics, Cuban Americans, Mexican, Colombian, Puerto Ricans, Dominican, Salvadorans and Spanish. So, just after the Native Americans, it can be well said that Hispanics are the second largest American ethnic group having roots in European ancestry. In the beginning of their arrival in U. S. Hispanics prefer to live in the Southwestern regions. Later on, in 1598, they had permanent settlements in New Mexico. In 1680, this area was transferred to Texas. However, again in 1692, Hispanics resumed their settlements in New Mexico. However, at the same time, new ones were also established in California and Arizona in the beginning of eighteenth century. Puerto Rico is believed to be the oldest settlement of early Spanish in United States. Source: (Ahaa, pars. 1) Source: (Ahaa, pars. 2) Source: (Jeffrey, pars. 1) The Significance of Media in the Lives of Hispanic Americans United States has a huge market as far as media and programming is concerned. There are hundreds and thousands of media outlets in America including commercial as well as non- commercial networks for broadcasting, advertising and marketing. Low-power Radio networks facilitating the listeners and millions of magazines are also circ ulating on daily basis. The Hispanic oriented and the most noteworthy media outlets include, Univision: This is considered the largest television network in Spanish language in the United States of America. This television network has several affiliates in the U. S. market and many international affiliates as well. Telemundo: The second largest television network in Spanish in U. S. is Telemundo having several national and international affiliates. Azteca America: Another popular television network in Spanish with affiliates in every major market of United States. Numerous international affiliates also exist, mun2: This is a cable network that extensively produces programs and content for audiences with Hispanic American and Latino origins. ConSentido TV: It is also a popular television network, newspaper and radio service that covers Hispanic audiences especially reside in North Texas. TBN Enlace, USA: It is a Christian television network which has its broadcast in Spanish language . This network is based in the state of California. 3ABN Lation: Another addition among the television networks especially focused on the programs that are specifically generated for Hispanic Americans. V-me: This network belongs to PBS network and it’s a Spanish television network. CNN: This television network is based in Atlanta: Georgia. It is a Spanish language news network.

Intelligent Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Intelligent Life - Essay Example Thirdly, aliens may actually have a totally different type of sensory organs and thus build a different experience from humans (Gertz). Fourthly, aliens may positively respond to European classical music, although no clear reason was given by NASA regarding this (Coplan). Thus, because of the aforementioned considerations, the artifact must not be something made of sounds especially loud rock music. It must not be something that may crudely represent anger or conflict, and it must be unique and different from the surrounding environment so that it could be sensed. Moreover, according to NASA’s most recently published book entitled Archaeology, Anthropology and Interstellar Communication, communication between humans and extraterrestrials theoretically needs something like a â€Å"highly elaborated code† that will serve as an â€Å"abstract artificial mediation† (Lestel 231). Still, from the NASA book, one learns that it can be assumed that â€Å"brains are not completely isolated cognizers processing concepts in relation to sensory data [but] as spread out in space and time and among other cognizers† (Edmondson 239). Moreover, the best form of communication can be a â€Å"three-color image†¦arranged in a grid† and that one should think that other beings are â€Å"altruistic† (Edmondson 244). This means that the artifact must contain a code of any three colors, and Earth should hope that the aliens can perceive it and can perceive our need for this artifact to be perceived. Thus, firstly, based on all the aforementioned ideas regarding human and extraterrestrial communication, the artifact should be something like a piece of heavy metal that should be different from the rest of the metals in space. Perhaps, an alloy like steel should be used in order that it remains unique when compared with the rest of the material in space and so that the aliens can identify it. It could also be made up of a heavy Styrofoam if possible, as long as it is not too

The Desert Rat-Kangaroo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 179

The Desert Rat-Kangaroo - Essay Example Although the desert environment is harsh, the desert rat kangaroo had adapted to the conditions and survived in the ecosystem until interference in its natural habitat contributed majorly to its extinction. Humans were both directly and indirectly involved in the alteration of the mammal’s natural habitat by introducing herbivores such as rabbits and cattle, setting off an imbalance in the ecosystem. Fire regimes also played a key role in the destruction of the habitat (Fisher & Blomberg, 2010). Although the rat kangaroo was largely independent of water, there was increased competition for green plant with beetles. Other factors for its extinction include predation by foxes and cats. Since they were relatively small and hence vulnerable to predators, much of their self defense was in the ability to make high and quick leaps. The extinction of the desert rat kangaroo did not impact on the desert food chain significantly mainly because it was a replaceable species. More importan tly, they were not direct competitors of surface water with any other species because all their water requirements were met by the water contained in the green plants in their diet. Being herbivorous animals, their role in the ecosystem was gradually assumed by cattle as the rat kangaroo’s population diminished. However, the population of beetles, weevils and other small insects of which the rat kangaroo was a key consumer increased. The most notable difference was a decline in the number of desert fox (Fisher & Blomberg, 2010). The orangutan is a primate that depends entirely on forests for survival. Unfortunately, high illegal and legal logging and deforestation rates are contributing to its increasingly endangered status.

Algorithms for pre-processing and processing stages of x-ray images

Algorithms for pre-processing and processing stages of x-ray images 1.1 Introduction This chapter presents algorithms for pre-processing and processing stages of both cervical and lumbar vertebrae x-ray images. Pre-processing stage here is the process of locating and enhancement the spine regionof interestin the x-ray image, where the processing stage includes the shape boundary representation and segmentation algorithms based feature vectors extraction and morphometric measurement. In this research the spine vertebrae are introduced and the objectives of segmentation algorithm are discussed. Then various general segmentation approaches including those based on the shape boundary extraction are discussed and applied to our spinal x-ray image collection. The current approach is introduced with a flow diagram and then the individual blocks of the segmentation process are taken up and discussed in detail. 1.2 Image Acquisition A digital archive of 17,000 cervical and lumbar spine x-ray images from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) is maintained by the Lister Hill National Center of Biomedical Communications in the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Among these 17,000 images, approximately 10,000 are cervical spine x-rays and 7,000 are lumbar x-rays. Text data (including gender, age, symptom, etc.) are associated with each image. This collection has long been suggested to be very valuable for research into the prevalence of osteoarthritis and musculoskeletal diseases. It is a goal of intramural researchers to develop a biomedical information resource useful to medical researchers and educators. Figure 3.1 shows two sample images from the database. Spine x-ray images generally have low contrast and poor image quality. They do not provide meaningful information in terms of texture or color. Pathologies found on these spine x-ray images that are of interest to the medical researchers are generally expressed along the vertebral boundary. (a) (b) 1.3 Proposed segmentation scheme The proposed process main stages scheme shown at Figure3.2, followed by a details review of the used methods applied to our spinal images and can be listed as follow: a. Pre-processing stage include image acquisition, region localization (RL) and region localization enhancement. b. Shape boundary representation and segmentation stage; include active shape model (ASM) segmentation based on two shape boundary representation 9-anatomical points and b-spline representation. c. Feature extraction stage; include feature extraction based shape feature vector and morphometric measurement-invariant features for indexing. d. Classification and similarity matching stage; include feature models classifier and similarity matching for diagnosis and retrieval 1.4 Pre-processingstage 1.4.1 Spineregion localization Region localization (RL) refers to the estimation of boundaries within the image that enclose objects of interest at a coarse level of precision. RL is important for assisting human experts in rapid image display and review (independent of its use in initializing a segmentation process). For example, with an algorithm that can rapidly, and with high probability identify the spine region with a marked line passing, this region of interest can be automatically zoomed on the display even though the location and orientation of the spine may vary appreciably in these images. This algorithm assumes that a line passing through the maximum amount of bone structure in the image will lie over a large part of the spine area, given a line passing through the image; Figure 3.3 shows the region localization (RL) selection of both cervical and lumbar images. (a) (b) 1.4.2 Enhancement approach Image enhancement is significant part of AVFAS recognition systems. Changes in lighting conditions produces dramatically decrease of recognition performance, if an image is low contrast and dark, we wish to improve its contrast and brightness. The widespread histogram equalization cannot correctly improve all parts of the image. When the original image is irregularly illuminated, some details on resulting image will remain too bright or too dark. Typically, digitized x-ray images are corrupted by additive noise and de-noising can improve the visibility of some structures in medical x-ray images, thus improving the performance of computer assisted segmentation algorithms. However, image enhancement algorithms generally amplify noise [17, 18]. Therefore, higher de-noising performance is important in obtaining images with high visual quality for that reason different enhancement techniques was implemented i. Adaptive histogram-based equalization ( Filter 1) Adaptive histogram-based equalization (AHE) can be applied to aid in the viewing of key cervical and lumbar vertebrae features, and its an excellent contrast enhancement method for medical image and other initially no visual images. In medical imaging its automatic operation and effective presentation of all contrast available in the image data make it a competitor of the standard contrast enhancement methods. The goal of using adaptive histogram equalization is to obtain a uniform histogram for the output image, so that an optimal overall contrast is perceived. However, the feature of interest in an image might need enhancement locally. Adaptive Histogram Equalization (AHE) computes the histogram of a local window centred at a given pixel to determine the mapping for that pixel, which provides a local contrast enhancement. However, the enhancement is so strong that two major problems can arise: noise amplification in flat regions of the image and ring artifacts at strong edges [12, 13]. Histogram equalization maps the input images intensity values so that the histogram of the resulting image will have an approximately uniform distribution [9-11].The histogram of a digital image with gray levels in the range [0, L-1] is a discrete function Where is the gray level, is the number of pixels in the image with that gray level, is the total number of pixels in the image, and k =0, 1, 2 L-1, basically gives an estimate of the probability of occurrence of gray level The local contrast of the object in the image is increased by applied histogram equalization, especially when the applied data of the image is represented by close contrast values. Through this adjustment the intensity can be better distributed on the histogram, this allows for areas of lower local contrast to gain a higher contrast without affecting the global contrast. (a) (b) ii. Adaptive contrast enhancement The idea is to enhance contrast locally analyzing local grey differences taking into account mean grey level. First we apply local adaptive contrast enhancement. Parameters are set to amplify local features and diminish mean brightness in order to obtain more contrast resulting image. After that we apply histogram equalization. Adaptive gamma value Gamma correction Gamma correction operation performs nonlinear brightness adjustment. Brightness for darker pixels is increased, but it is almost the same for bright pixels. As result more details are visible. 1.5 Shape boundary segmentation Shape boundary segmentation presented at this work is a hierarchical segmentation algorithm tailored to the segmentation of cervical and lumbar vertebrae in digitized x-ray images. The algorithm employs the both shape boundary representation schemes, 9-anatomical points representation (9-APR) and B-spline representation (B-SR) to obtain a suitable initialization for segmentation stage that utilize active shape models (ASMs) proposed by Cootes et al. The advantage of using ASMs in medical image segmentation applications is that rather than creating models that are purely data driven, ASMs gain a priori knowledge through a thorough observation of the shape variation across a training set. 1.5.1 Shape boundary representation Shape is an important characteristic for describing pertinent pathologies in various types of medical image and its a particular challenges regarding vertebra boundary segmentation in spine x-ray images. It was realized that the shape representation method would need to serve the dual purpose of providing a rich description of the vertebra shape while being acceptable to the end user community consisting of medical professionals. In order to model the spinal vertebra shape we presented by term of set points chosen to place point around the boundary , this must be done for each shape at training stage and the labelling point its important. Two schemes list has been used at this stage to determine a vertebra boundary shape in terms of list points i. 9-anatomical point representation (9-APR) We obtained segmentation data created by medical expertise at an early state of our segmentation work; the purpose of this task was to acquire reference data as a guideline for validating vertebrae segmentation algorithms. These data consisted of (x, y) coordinates for specific geometric locations on the vertebrae; a maximum of 9-anatomical points representation (9-APR) assigned and marked by board certificate radiologist that is indicative of the pathology found to be consistently and reliably detectable per vertebra were collected . Figure 3.7 shows below the points were placed manually on each vertebrae and which is the interest to medical researchers. Points 1, 3, 4, and 6 are indicative of the four corners of the vertebral body as seen in a projective sagittal view. Points 4 and 3 mark the upper and lower posterior corners of the vertebra, respectively; Points 6 and 1 mark the upper and lower anterior corners of the vertebra, respectively. Points 5 and 2 are the median along the upper and lower vertebra edge in the sagittal view; Point 8 is the median along the anterior vertical edge of the vertebra in the sagittal view. Note that Points 7 and 9 mark the upper and lower anterior osteophytes, so if osteophyte(s) are not present on the vertebra, then these points (7-9) coincide with points 6 and 1, respectively. ii. B-spline representation (B-SR) Representation of curves using piecewise polynomial interpolation to obtain curves is widely used in computer graphics .B-spline are piecewise polynomial curves whose shape is closely related to their control polygon a chain of vertices giving a polygonal representation of curves. B-splines of the third order are most common because this is the lowest order which includes the changes of curvatures. The Advantage of using B-spline techniques at this research is to enhance the 9-anatomical points, B-spline curves require more information (i.e., the degree of the curve and a knot vector) and a more complex theory than Bà ©zier curves. But, it has more advantages to offset this shortcoming. * B-spline curve can be a Bà ©zier curve. * B-spline curves satisfy all important properties that Bà ©zier curves have. * B-spline curves provide more control flexibility than Bà ©zier curves can do. * The degree of a B-spline curve is separated from the number of control points. More precisely [ReF]. We can use lower degree curves and still maintain a large number of control points and also we can change the position of a control point without globally changing the shape of the whole curve (local modification property). Since B-spline curves satisfy the strong convex hull property, they have a finer shape control. Moreover, there are other techniques for designing and editing the shape of a curve such as changing knots. B-spline is a generalization of the Bezier curve [Ref] , let a vector known as the knot vector be defined, Where, is a no decreasing sequence with and define control points, Define the degree as ,The knots are called internal knots. 1.5.2 Modelling Shape Variations In ASM, an object shape is represented by a set of landmark points and requires a good initialization of an objects pose in an image (i.e., location, size, and angle of rotation); therefore, we used the two schemes representation (9-APR B-SR) in our proposed segmentation technique to create this initialization. Several instances of the same object class are included in a training set and in order to model the variations we need to align the set of shapes. i. Training set In order to build a model that is flexible enough to cover the most typical variations of vertebrae, a sufficiently large training set has to be used. For the purpose of the investigation reported in this work, we locate the shape (by eye) and its important that the two schemes representations are accurately located and that there is an exact correspondence between labels in different instances of training shapes. In this research a set of 1100 vertebra for both cervical (400 vertebral) and lumbar (710 vertebra) has been used. ii. Aligning trainshapes The model that will be used to describe a shape and its typical appearances is based on the variations of the spatial position of each landmark point within the training set. Each point will thus have a certain distribution in the image space and therefore the shape model is being referred to as a Point Distribution Model (PDM). In order to obtain the PDM, we use the two shape representation, to align the shapes, and finally, to summarize the landmark variations in a compact form. In what follows, these steps are being described in some detail. We achieve the required alignment by scaling, rotating and translating the training shapes so that they correspond as closely as possible. 1.7 Shape boundary Indexing The shape analysis described here is related to the statistical analysis of vertebrae shapes to shape similarity matching and recognition. Three schemes of shape analysis implemented at this stage. First scheme is the shape analysis based feature vectors extraction includes statistical shape feature (SSF) and Gabor wavelets features (GWF). Second scheme is the shape analysis based morphometric measurement based angles measurement index (AMI) and intra-bone ratio measurement (IBRM). Last is the analysis based similarity matching, the index output result from each analysis will be considered as input to the classifier systems those schemes outlined are described below. Feature vector is an n-dimensional vector of numerical features represents object shape. Statistical models captured from active shape model, Gabor wavelets filter bank require a numerical representation of vertebrae shape based on both boundary shape representation (9-anatomical point model ,B-spline curve), since such representations facilitate processing and statistical analysis. Figure below shows schematic pattern recognition system based feature vectors. 1.7.1 Statistical shapefeatures(SSF) Each vertebral in the training set, when aligned can be represented by a single points in 2n dimensional space (eq2).Thus a set of N example shapes gives base on each shape boundary representation cloud of N point in this 2n dimensional space. We assume that these points lie within some region of the space which call the Allowed Shape Domain and that the points give an indication of the shape and size of this region. Every 2n-D point within this domain gives a set of landmarks whose shape is broadly similar to that of those in the original training set. Thus by moving about the Allowable shape domain we can generate new shapes in systematic way .The approach given below attempts to model the shape of this cloud in high dimensional space and hence to capture the relationship between the positions of the individual landmark points. 1.7.2 Gabor wavelets features(GWF) The objectives of this stage is to explore the feasibility of using Gabor wavelet-constructed spatial filters to extract feature-based vector from shape boundary consisting of cervical and lumbar vertebrae, and to use these extracted feature vectors to train and test with different classifier. To evaluate the robustness of the method, so many analysis based filter and mask size was experimented to select the suitable Gabor mask that will be convolute with the two vertebra shape boundary extracted. In order to briefly describe Gabor wavelets and provide a rationale for this stage of work, the Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and Gabor Transform need to be explained first. The Fourier transform is a fundamental tool of classical signal analysis. i. Gabor wavelets filter bank The Gabor wavelet function used in this research for AOs feature extraction was same as Naghdy (1996) used and was defined. Where: the different choices of frequency j and orientation constructed a set of filters. ii. Filter frequency and mask size analysis As the frequency of the sinusoid changes, the window size will be changed. (Fig. 3.28, 3.29, 3.30 and 3.32) shows real and imaginary parts of eight two-dimensional wavelets filters. When j is changed from 1 to 4, the sinusoid frequency is reduced whereas the Gaussian window size increases. In comparison, for the Gabor transform, Gaussin window size will remain same. iii. Convolution vertebral region with the filter bank The elementary Gabor wavelet functions were used to construct spatial domain filters, Each filter was made of a pair of filters, which were the real and imaginary part of the complex sinusoid. These pair was convolved with the green channel signal of texture image separately. The reason of choosing the green channel to do convolution was that the green channel was found to have the best texture quality, which means the best contrast level between plants and soil, among red, blue and MExG channels. This scenario is absolutely sensor dependent and may not be the case for other sensors. For one frequency level, the filtering output was the modulation of the average of the convolution output from real and imaginary filter masks on all convolved pixels in the green channel image, which was computed. iv. Gabor wavelets filer bank block diagram 1.8 Shape boundary morphometric measurement 1.8.1 Morphometric measurement-invariant features For efficient image retrieval, it is important that the pathological features of interest be detected with high accuracy. In this stage of Automatic Vertebral Fracture Assessment System techniques, new morphometric measurement-invariant features were investigated for the detection of anterior osteophytes, including lumbar and cervical vertebrae. The goal in this stage of work is to investigate a measurement algorithm for high accuracy and avoid the complex calculation. Two approaches morphometric measurement-invariant features were developed based: 1) Angles invariant features (A-IF) 2) Intra-distance ratio invariant features (ID-IF) The results of this morphometric extraction geometries calculation will produce a signal of two index based on angle and distance measurement that can be used to distinguish between the anterior osteoporosis classes and their severity implemented as input for classifier algorithm. Figure below show the block diagram of the shape analyses based morphometric technique. Stage 1: AOs detection Two classification schemes for anterior osteophytes were established by a medical expert to evaluate the accuracy of the PSM algorithm. The first is Macnabs classification, established by Macnab and his coworkers in 1956 on radiological and pathological bases [6, 7].Two types of osteophytes are adapted from Macnabs classification: claw and traction, as shown in Figure 1. Their visual characteristics are: 1. Claw spur rises from the vertebral rim and curves toward the adjacent disk. It is often triangular in shape and curved at the tips. 2. Traction spur protrudes horizontally, is moderately thick, does not curve at the tips, and never extends across the intervertebral disk space. The second classification is a grading system which was defined by the medical expert consistent with reasonable criteria for assigning severity levels to anterior osteophytes (AO). Three grades of AO are slight, moderate, and severe, also shown in Table 1. Their visual characteristics are: 1. Slight grade includes normal, where the corner angles on the vertebral boundary are approximately right angles. It may have a slight protuberance, where the tip of the osteophyte is round and no narrowing is observed at the base of the protuberance. 2. Moderate grade is characterized by evident protuberance from the ideal horizontal or vertical edge of the vertebra. The bounding edges of the AO form an angle of at least 45 degrees and the osteophyte has a relatively wider base than severe grade. 3. Severe grade is characterized by presence of hook, the angle is less than 45 degrees and has a narrow base, or protrudes far (about 1/3 of the length of the horizontal border) from the normal (ideal 90 degree) vertebral corner. Angles invariant features (A-IF) We explore three main angles for measurement that make sense of difference between the AO classes from the 9-anatomical landmarks model. Shape below show the angle of interest selected that will be used next as input for our classifier system to make decision (a) Turning Angle (b) Intra-Distance Across the Shape Turn Angle (TA) To capture the characteristics of shape in local regions, we use two different features. The first is Turn Angle (TA). Turn Angle is also called Turning Angle or Bent Angle. It is defined as follows [3]: if the points on the polygon are ordered in the counterclockwise direction, and the polygon is traversed in this direction, the Turn Angle is the angle between the direction vector for the current polygon segment and the next one; the sense of the Turn Angle is calculated such that a clockwise turn gives a negative angle whereas a counterclockwise turn gives a positive angle. Figure 3 (a) shows an example. For an arbitrary shape, the Turn Angle feature could be calculated from the approximating polygon for that shape. Turn Angle for a polygon with n vertices is simply a vector in Rn . For example, if the vertebra is represented as a polygon with 72 vertices (our sparse representation), the Turn Angle is a 72-element vector. If the polygon has the concept of an initial vertex, similarity computation is straightforward, e.g., with a Euclidean metric. If there is no initial vertex, similarity between two shapes may be computed by a combinatorial comparison of distances between possibly-matching sets of vertices. This computation may be optimized by dynamic programming. Intra-distance ratio invariant features (ID-IF) Distance across the shape [4] is another local shape feature. DAS is defined, for each vertex P in a polygon, as the length of the angle bisector at P, measured as the line segment from P to the intersecting side of the polygon. For Example, the interior bisector of angle à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  P2P3P4 in the figure 3 (b) intersects the contour at point I3. The length of P3I3 is the DAS at point P3. If the bisector intersects the shape multiple times, the distance to the closest intersection is used. Similarly as for turn angle, if we represent the vertebra shape as a polygon with 72 sample points, the DAS feature may be calculated on those 72 points. Where, V: is called as vertical angle calculated between the points 7-8-9 H: is called as horizontal angle calculated between the points 1-2-3 C: is called as corner angle calculated between the points 8-9-1 Angle formula calculation between these three points coordinates as follow 1.9 Operation Step 1: Calculate the Horizontal angle and this calculation based on the Step 2: Calculate the Horizontal angle and this calculation based on the Step 3: Calculate the Horizontal angle and this calculation based on the Step 4: build the rule base and evaluate the result by visual inspection Intra-Distance ratio Measurement (I-DRM) Inter-bone ration is another morphometric measurement issue, it was explored based on the shape distance here we focused Where, : Represents the distance posterior height calculated between the points 3-4 : Represents the distance medial height calculated between the points 5-2 : Represents the distance interior height calculated between the points 1-6 : Represents the distance calculated between the points 8-mp, where mp Midpoint between the points 3-4, the Midpoint (mp) coordinates calculation formula as the following: With; (, ) is the point 3 coordinate, (,) is the point 4 coordinate Given the two points (, ) and (,), the distance between these points is given by the formula: The normal vertebra was estimated to have the following ratio distance Distance () =Distance () =Distance () Base on this estimation by expert radiologist we develop another rule base decision system that can work properly to and true classify the normal and abnormal and bone The criteria of the X= Stage 2: AOsLocation Detection of the Ao position conduct us to determine the location either upper or lower AO a) b) The position of the AO is determined by sample way calculation based of angles too Stage 3: Disc space narrowing (DSN) Stage 4 Stage 5:Subluxation/Spondylolisthesis Segmentation and Pre-processing The vertebra shapes were segmented using an active contours method modified to constrain evolving contour points to follow orthogonal curves [18], to avoid convergence to a self-intersecting solution contour at vertebra corners [9]. The solution contours have 36 points. Nine of these 36 points were distinguished as geometrical or anatomical reference points, with relative locations that are approximately constant across the veterbra shapes. The nine points, shown in Figure 2 were either manually marked by experts, or extracted automatically or semi-automatically by specialized algorithms [9]. For the current work, we preprocess these segmented shapes by curve smoothing (to reduce noise), fitting (for smoothness), interpolation, and re-sampling (for larger number of evenly distributed points) to obtain the final shape contour description. The curve fitting and interpolation are done with the natural cubic spline algorithm. Then the shape contour is resampled by equal arc length sampling. Finally, the vertebra whole shape is represented by two boundary point sets with different resolutions. The dense sampling set contains 180 points, and the superior and the inferior anterior corners are represented by 60 points, respectively. The sparse sampling set contains 72 points, with the superior and the inferior anterior corners represented by 25 points, respectively.

Norman Mailers An American Dream: The Character of Steven Rojack :: essays papers

Norman Mailer's An American Dream: The Character of Steven Rojack In almost every genre of literature there is the classic antagonist, and the classic protagonist. When examining these characters, there are certain guidelines which authors follow. However, there are times in literature when the classic guidelines are broken, and a new prototype emerges. Contemporary writer Norman Mailer broke the mold of the classic character(s) when writing the novel, An American Dream. In An American Dream, there is no set protagonist or antagonist. In fact, Mailer has taken these two separate identities and merged them into one character. The product is the main character of the novel, Steven Rojack. Throughout the novel the reader isn't sure if they want him to succeed, or fail. This is due to Rojack's ever-changing personality. He first seems like the perfect man, a decorated war hero who knows all the right people. However, shortly after this impression is made another is formed. He murders his wife in cold blood and lies to the police, claimi! ng she committed suicide. As the novel continues however, Rojack realizes the horror of his crime and even confesses what he has done to a woman he loves. Due to the realization of his crime, he is redeemed in the eye of the reader. From this point on, the reader wants Rojack to succeed. However, before final judgement can be passed, it is imperative that Rojack^s entire character be explored. Steven Rojack is first introduced as a prominent man in society who becomes recognized due to his decoration in military service. Through this service he became close with many famous politicians, Jack Kennedy being one. It is through Jack that Rojack meets his first wife, Deborah, a woman who he describes ^would be bored with a diamond as big as the Ritz^ (1) After serving a term in Congress, he and Deborah marry. Unfortunately, the relationship they have is one in which Deborah has full control. As he continues to describe the relationship with his wife it is often filled with bitter memories. He remembers going to parties where she would compare his worth to that of another man^s. It is from this that a bitter hatred stems towards Deborah. Finally, after seven years of marriage, they separate. However, after the separation, Deborah^s needs are still covered by Steven, who is now a college professor and the host of a popular TV show. In addition to this Deborah main! tains a close contact with him, seeing him whenever she desires.

Billboard Advertising Essay

In the event of choosing the most effective way to market your company, I believe that using billboard advertising is the best way to invest your money. Do you ever wonder if you’re really getting the most out of your marketing campaign? In all of those mediums, your ad is there one day (or month) and gone the next†¦with little lasting impression unless you remarket through that medium. In our technology-driven media environment in which the consumer has access to satellite radio, cable or satellite TV, the internet and numerous print media outlets, the visibility of outdoor advertising allows the advertiser’s message to stand out. Further, even those who no longer commute still spend time on the road in order to run errands, attend events or dine. The cost of putting up a billboard ranges anywhere from $1,000 to $3,000 a month depending on the company, the road the billboard is on, the traffic, and the market. If this sounds like a lot of money to you, think again – because a running a full-page newspaper advertisement for a single day in any major newspaper will cost you the same amount – and it is not nearly as effective. 1. Billboard advertising grabs the attention of potential customers like no other form of advertising can. 2. One of the most cost-effective mediums of advertising 3. Brand awareness and strong name recognition  4. Colorful, creative and eye-catching ads have more impact 5. Reaches out to thousands of people on a daily basis 6. Targets a specific audience according to location 7. Ads are not lost in the mix of competitors and editorials 8. Messages are delivered continuously and frequently 9. Directs potential clients and customers to your place of business. These are but a few of the many advantages that billboard advertising has. With so many benefits, it’s no wonder that so many business owners are using billboard advertising today. From putting them up at airports to sticking them on car or truck wraps to even showcasing them at movie theatres, billboard advertising makes it possible for you to advertise your products and services anywhere.

Federal Reserve Bank

Federal Reserve Bank In this essay I would like to discuss why the Fed changes interest rates, what economic mechanism uses interest rates to affect the economy, if the Fed's announcements really make a difference, and what the Fed's most affective monetary policy is.The first question to be answered is why does the Fed change interest rates. The Fed cannot control inflation or influence employment directly so instead, it affects them indirectly, by raising or lowering interest rates. Interest rates play an important role in the general business cycle and financial markets. When rates rise, consumers spend less, corporate profits are reduced, the stock market declines, and unemployment goes up. The Fed uses monetary policy as the economic policy to change interest rates and try to regulate consumer spending, the stock market, and unemployment.Do the Fed's announcements really make a difference? Yes, when the Fed makes an announcement it has an effect on people.English: Interest rates as set by the Bank o f Engl...When the interest rates go up, consumers will buy less and when rates go down consumers will usually buy more. When rates go up it is usually good news, and people will go get new mortgages on their houses, or maybe even buy a new house or car thus helping the economy.In conclusion the Fed's only way to control inflation or influence employment is by affecting them indirectly with monetary policy by raising or lowering of interest rates. The federal-funds rate is the main monetary policy instrument of the Fed and it does not directly impact the economy but when the news of lower or higher interest rates is spread, consumers react and therefore the economy reacts to their changed spending habits.

buy custom The Lord of Flies essay

buy custom The Lord of Flies essay At the beginning of the novel we can see the fair boy and the fat boy. They discussed the plane crash occurrence while wondering where the plane and the pilot had disappeared. During the conversation, the fat boy asks the fair boys name. We learn that the fair boy is called Ralph. Ralph is not interested in knowing the fat boys name. They imagine that the rest of the children in the plane might have been saved and could be anywhere in the jungle. The two walk for quite some distance until they get to the shore. Ralph gets off his clothes and goes swimming as the fat boy follows him sluggishly. He admits to Ralph that people call him Piggy, but he asks him to keep it a secret. During the swimming, Ralph boasts about his father who works in navy and who will come rescue them. Piggy, however, explains that before the crash, the pilot had told him that an atomic bomb had exploded, and everybody died. After swimming while they put on their clothes, they find a white shell that produces some sounds when blown into. Some small and naked children appear from the woods. Piggy goes to these children and tries to figure out their names. He gets to know the twins Eric and Sam and another young child, Johnny. Ralph does not care about them and continues to blow into the shell. Their leader commands them all to stand in a queue. Before long, one of the boys in the black robes faints and their leader assumes. Piggy does not ask names of this group but makes it known that names are very important. Ralph takes advantage of the situation and informs everyone that Piggy is called Piggy. From here, we meet Jack Merridew the tyrant, Maurice, the boy who smiles a lot, Roger the secrecy boy, Simon the boy who fainted, Bill, Robert, Harold and Henry. Ralph and Jack are the aspirants for the leader position. Ralph emerges the winner. Then he appoints Jack as the head of the choirboys. Ralph, Jack and Simon decide to go exploring the area but reject Piggy from accompanying them since he could not walk fast. On this walk, Jack is unable to kill a pig but swears to do so one day. Ralph calls a meeting using his leadership authority as the chief. He addresses the boys and informs them of the rules that will help them to become organized. He insists that anyone who wants to speak should raise his hand. While speaking, one is required to hold the shell. The boys who were excited to see the ones who will be punished for violating them accepted these rules. A small boy asks for the shell so that he is allowed to talk. Everyone laughs at him, but Piggy comes to his secure an demands that he is heard. He cautions everyone that there is a mysterious snake, beastie in the island. The other boys laugh at him again saying that it is his own imagination. Jack decides that they should look for it, in case it is there. Ralph orders to prepare the fire to help the rescuers locate them. A problem emerges that there is no way of starting the fire. Jack gives an idea about rubbing two sticks and the use of Piggys glasses to produce fire. As this is going on, Piggy is pissed of f by the fact that the other boys do not want to listen to him. He grabs the conch shell to speak, but the smoke from the fire becomes too much and he gets breathing problems. After some time has passed we can see Jack obsessed with killing a pig through tracking down pigs droppings, and sniffing the air all the time. He fails to kill a pig yet again and tries to take his frustrations out on Ralph and Simon who are building the shelter out of leaves. Jack suggests face painting to scare the animals. Simon goes to the jungle to fetch fruits with the younger boys. He comes to an area with woven mats where he crawls to them and relaxes there until evening. As time passed, the little ones developed a habit of playing together while the older boys went hunting for pigs and others kept the signal fire. These two groups have grown separately where we see Henry hanging out with Percival and Johnny the young boys. Roger gets angry and follows Henry throwing stones at him not missing purposefully. Jack goes ahead with painting of the mask and orders the boys to go along with him to the woods. Back in the lagoon, Ralph, Piggy and Simon swim with Maurice. Piggy suggests that they make a sundial, but they ignore him. Ralph then spots a ship and everyone get excited. The worst thing is that the signal fire had gone out during the excitement. The ship disappeared (William, 1962). A group of the boys led by Jack were chanting songs while carrying a dead pig from the mountain. Jack takes the opportunity to explain how they managed to kill the pig. After the explanation, Ralph asked why they let the fire go off. Piggy gets involved and accuses them of being irresponsible like 12-year-old boys. Jack feels offended and punches Piggy in the face. This causes one of Piggys lenses to break leaving him with a one-eye vision. Jack apologizes for his actions later. Ralph orders the choirboys to light the fire once again. This upsets Piggy since his glasses have to be used again. All this time the boys were only feeding on vegetables and fruits. The smell of the roasted meat was a real delicacy. Jack refused share the pig with Piggy accusing him of nnot helping in the hunting. Simon decides to give Piggy a share of his meat that upsets Jack so much. Ralph decides to call a meeting by sounding the conch shell. He reminds the boys of the rules that had been set. He reminds them to keep the fire going. He also addresses the fear of the snake and that of dying. An argument crops up about the beastie walking at night. When Piggy stands up to talk, someone calls him a fat slug. The meeting is disintegrated, and Jack leaves to go look for the beastie. Ralph tries to get everyone together and swears that if he blows the conch shell and no one responds, he resigns. Something weird happens where Sam and Eric who were tending the fire they see a body in the darkness of the wind. This follows screams and the twins wake up Ralph. Jack, Ralph and other big boys head off to find it. They decide to go to the tail of the Island where they call it the castle. They get to the rocks and Ralph decides to get in as he is the Chief. After a long search, there is no beast they meet. The boys go on playing in the rocks until Ralph realizes that the signal fire is off again. They quit playing and follow them to the mountaintop. The boys then rest and eat some of the fruits they had found. Roger notices pig wastes and alerts the other boys. Suddenly a huge boar emerges from the bush and Ralph sticks his spear in its snout before falling out. Jack takes after it, but later his arm is wounded. This excitement extends as one of the boys Robert plays the boar and is followed by other boys with spears in their hands. As it gets dark, most boys go ahead, leaving Ralph, Jack, and Roger behind. As the wind blows through the trees, a creature lifts its head toward the boys from the bush. Boys run away screaming again. The next morning the boys inform Piggy of the beast. Ralph explains that everyone is scared, and no one can go to the mountaintop to keep the fire going. Jack blows the conch shell to hold a meeting to take control of the situation. He informs them that Ralph is not fit to continue. No one supports his views and this upsets him. Ralph then comes up with a new idea to build a fire signal at the beach. After this, they realize that Maurice, Bill, Roger and Robert had disappeared and did not help build the fire. The only ones left are the twins and Simon. Meanwhile, Jack and his group of hunters develop strategy how to kill more pigs while leaving the pigs head for the beast. This was to let the beast not disturb them. They meet a group of pigs and manage to kill one. Jack announces to everyone that they will be having a feast and everyone is invited. Buy custom "The Lord of Flies" essay

The Deans Welcome Learning Technique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Deans Welcome Learning Technique - Essay Example There were various concentrations I can pursue within the MBA program. The marketing concentration would provide the greatest value for me. In today’s business environment where consumers have so many options marketing is the business function that can provide differentiation for a company. The marketing field provides the tools needed for companies to expand beyond the domestic marketplace into international waters. In the job marketplace I’ve notice that there are lots of high paying job positions for people in the field of marketing. In 2008 the average salary of marketing executive was $175,000 (Salary, 20009). Marketing is a branch of business administration that allows people to make decision that impact the most important variable of an enterprise which is its total sales. An education in marketing at the graduate level will provide me a career path that involves creativity, working in the field, interpersonal communication, and evaluation of information among many other aspects. It is a concentration that opens up many work opportunities. An individual pursue an MBA degree must have certain managerial competencies to become an effective leader. The program at UOP online will enable students do develop these skills and competencies that are necessary to become a successful manager. The MBA Matrix included in the Dean’s Welcome provides an illustration of 24 managerial competencies. A self-evaluation of my personal abilities in relation to this list would reveal that some my strengths are communication skills, global mentality, critically thinking and teamwork. I like to write and communication with people in formal and informal settings. In the business world technical report skills are important they are utilize in our daily activities at work. Since the start of the convergence era which commenced at the turn of the century globalization has become more important than ever. The internet and the arrival of broadband connections

Full Costing and Variable Costing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Full Costing and Variable Costing - Essay Example Cost Accounting: A 12 Managerial Emphasis. 12th ed. Prentice Hall. 12 Elliott Taylor, 2011. Full-Costing Income Statement vs. Variable-Costing Income Statement. [online] Available at [Accessed 25 December 2011] 13 Jae Shim, Joe Seigel, 2011. Schaum's Outline of Managerial Accounting. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill. 13 John Simms, 2008. The Variable Costing Income Statement for External Reporting. VDM Verlag. 13 Noah P. Barsky, Anthony H. Catanach, 2004. Management Accounting: A Business Planning Approach. South-Western College Pub. 14 Steven M. Bragg, 2011. Cost Accounting Fundamentals: Essential Concepts and Examples. 2nd ed. Accounting Tools. 14 Executive Summary Full Costing and Variable Costing are two common approaches to cost keeping employed at the management accounting level in various firms across the globe. Both approaches have their pros and cons and making a choice between the two is solely dependent upon the practices of the firm, its approach to create shareholder value and the m indset of its employees. In terms of the treatment of different types of cost, there is only one difference between the two approaches under consideration. The Manufacturing Overhead component of cost is treated in a different manner under both the approaches. The fixed component of the Manufacturing Overhead is absorbed by the product as it is treated as a product cost in Full Costing approach while the same component is treated as a period cost under the Variable Costing approach. This different treatment of the Fixed Manufacturing Cost, poses a positive effect on the bottom line of the company in the Full Costing Approach, as the cost incurred on the goods not sold is not deducted from the revenues generated during the relevant period. When it comes to Variable Costing, the costs incurred over the manufacturing of all the produced items are deducted from the revenues of the relevant period. This tends to shrink the company bottom-line for the immediate period. These two approache s thus influence the mindset of the shareholders and stakeholders of the company. The type of approach to costing adopted by the company shall also depend on the industry that it operates in and the shareholder anticipations as well. Introduction The ultimate objective of the commencement of any business is to generate profits. A simple equation that generates the bottom line of any business entails the deduction of costs from revenues of the company. Revenue calculation is not a Herculean task, and thus there are not a lot of distinguished approaches that can be used to calculate the revenue of the company. However costing is a much more complex and complicated component of the formerly mentioned equation. There are various approaches utilized by management accountants and financial analysts across the globe for the computation of the cost components. Each component has its own justification and rationale and this paper will be specifically aimed at discussing two of the most utili zed approaches to costing namely Full Costing and Variable Costing (Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, 2009). Main Findings In general, no matter whichever approach to accounting is used by the accountants for the treatment of the cost factors in the financial

Contrast Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contrast Effect - Essay Example According to Six Sigma, quality requires entrepreneurs to look at their own business from the customer's perspective and not be based on their own perspectives. By understanding the transaction from the needs and processes of customers, the company is able to explore on what costumers see and feel. Consequently, marketers can identify areas where significant value or improvement be added. Kotler (2000, p. 36) underscored that customer expectations are relevant key determinants of their satisfaction, consumption experiences, and loyalty. It is wise that marketers need to either meet or exceed such expectations; otherwise, it could lead to customer defection or dissatisfaction. Feldman and Lynch (1988) argued that when customers express their expectations before their consumption experience, it would most likely bring them more convenient during the experience. The same points were emphasized by Morwitz and Fitzsimons (2004); Dholakia and Morwitz (2002); Kardes, Allen, and Pontes (1993 ); and Fitzsimons & Williams (2000) respectively. have less or no knowledge that there will be an upcoming service evaluation process versus those forewarned customers about a service encounter, which later be asked to evaluate the said service; tend to supply higher negative post-experience evaluations (Ofir a

Essay On Community Service Essay Example for Free

Essay On Community Service Essay Community service can be a chore for some and a delight for others. It can be tedium for one or a chance to help others from the bottom of his or her heart for another. Many believe that putting community service in the curriculum in the form of Values-in-Action (ViA) hours was something of a joke, something to guffaw at or simply something atrocious. I agree wholeheartedly with such people. Community service should be totally voluntary and not part of the school curriculum. By doing so, we are able to better evaluate a one’s character, able to work with people who truly wish to help others and increase the amount of help given. For a start, by eliminating community service from the school curriculum, we can better judge someone’s character. The problem with community service as part of the school curriculum is that people will feel that they are obliged to do community service and this will cause many students to take part in many activities so as to beef up their portfolios. Hence, all applicants, for example, at a particular company will have the exact same portfolios, all replicas of the other. If such a scenario occurs, how in the world are companies able to handpick and develop people who are truly capable and efficient workers? There is a chance that companies accidentally hire people who are churlish and truculent but what can we blame except this education system. This is especially disadvantageous to major companies that have many global sectors. Therefore, we need to remove community service from the school curriculum so that we can truly see who are worthy to be hired by a company. Next, the removal of community service from the school curriculum also means that in community service projects, people who truly wish to help the needy will be working together, giving rise to more successful projects. Without community service as part of the school curriculum, those who wish to give a helping hand and those who want to help from the bottom of their heart will be able to band together without the problem of people participating in community projects for the sake of getti ng ViA hours. These two groups of people have very differing goals and visions but by removing community service from the curriculum, such apathetic pupils will not be a burden to the community service industry. Instead, there is a higher likelihood of success in this sector with the increase in productivity, enhancement of teamwork and the sense of camaraderie within these teams working together for a common purpose. Furthermore, apathetic souls could  also lead a happier life without the â€Å"hassle† of community service bugging their minds. It is basically killing two birds with one stone! Lastly, many people think that by removing community service from the school curriculum, the amount of help given to the needy will drop drastically. However, this is definitely not so. By taking away community service from the school curriculum, we are also taking away those with apathetic mindsets. This means that there is a stronger circle of helpers for the needy. Hence, there will be more freedom in expressing ways to give a hand for the various needy communities. This means that people will not restrain their thoughts and ideas but instead, share it with others for them to improve and create. Thus, the visions that people have are very likely to turn to reality and with successive projects; there is a higher chance for a rapid in flow of ideas, giving rise to even more projects targeted for the less fortunate. This means an increase in the amount of help given and not a drop. After all that has been said and done, I strongly encourage that community service is rid off from the school curriculum. I believe that it can do wonders for our world and change it for the better. With better individuals with a morally upright character, they can influence others to follow suit and the acts of iniquity around our country may decrease significantly. Honestly, what more could we ask for?

What is an ICT system? :: ICT Essays

ICT and computers are NOT the same thing. An ICT system is a set-up consisting of hardware, software, data and the people who use them. It very often also includes communications technology, such as the Internet. Computers are the hardware that is often part of an ICT system. This is why your GCSE is not just about computers, but about how,why and when people use them. It is the power of computers and communications that has allowed ICT systems to become so important. Like any piece of equipment, the important thing about it is what it lets us do. ICT Systems are used in a whole host of places, from offices, shops, factories, aircraft, ships, and communications to medicine and farming. They are everyday and ordinary yet extraordinary in how they can add extra power to what we do and want to do. ICT systems have become important because by using them we become: * More productive in that we can do more things more quickly and at reduced cost. * More accurate and able to work continuously. * Able to deal with vast amounts of information and process it quickly. * They can transport information rapidly. Types of ICT system ------------------- There are different types of ICT system. The main aim of each system decides which name is sometimes used for it. Information systems Many ICT systems are set up to manage data and information. Examples of these are a Sports Club membership system or a Supermarket Stock system. Control Systems Other ICT systems have controlling machines as their main aim. They still use input, process and output, but the output may be moving a robot arm to weld a car chassis rather than information. Communications Systems Yet other ICT systems are dedicated to communications. Their output is the successful transport of data from one place to another. Input, output & system diagrams ------------------------------- What comes out of an ICT systems is largely dependant on what you put into the system. The acronym GIGO is a good way of thinking about this. GIGO can be interpreted in 2 ways: 1. Good Input, Good Output ICT systems work by taking inputs or instructions and data, processing them and producing outputs that are stored or communicated in some way. The higher quality and better thought-out the instructions, the higher quality and more useful will be the outputs. 2. Garbage In, Garbage Out ICT systems all "fall down" if the inputs are inaccurate or faulty; they will either not be able to process the data at all, or will output data which is eroneous or useless. That's why the term GIGO is sometimes used to stand for "Garbage In, Garbage Out".

Tenure at NU Essay -- Education Teaching Essays

Tenure at NU *Please note: Portions of this article and some information appeared in the Northeastern News, in the issue of December 3, 2003, Vol. LXXVII, No. 45. The respective text and information was extracted, solely, from the student reporter’s own writing and news-gathering. Appealing an Administration: A Professor’s Struggle to Remain at NU Six years ago, Northeastern’s Modern Languages Department asked an incoming professor, Harry Kuoshu, to build a Chinese Studies program. With minimal faculty support, he did just that, providing integral courses for the uprising interest in Asian Studies at the university. So when Kuoshu applied for tenure last March, the process seemed a mere formality. With unanimous support from both the Modern Language Department and the College of Arts and Sciences committees on tenure, his dossier was sent to the office of the Provost Ahmed Abdelal—who then rejected Kuoshu’s request. â€Å"I was very shocked,† said Kuoshu, from his office in the Modern Languages Department. â€Å"I try to forget about it. I focus on my work and on my research.† An author of three books, Kuoshu believes his rejection stemmed from criticism of his scholarship by external reviewers—experts from other institutions that evaluate the research of tenure-track professors. Recently nominated and named to â€Å"Who’s Who Among American Professors,† Kuoshu teaches virtually all classes in the Chinese Studies program. As a result, his tenure rejection has brought forth a wave of protest from his students, who have been actively writing to President Richard Freeland. Upon the provost’s decision, Kuoshu sent his dossier to an appeals board on tenure—comprised of 13 members—who voted 7-6 to uphold Abdelal’s prerogative. Un... ...rn. Now well-established in the Suffolk community, Haughton believes that his tenure rejection from Northeastern worked out for the betterment of his career. Having spent the majority of his teaching career in the greater Boston area, earning his Ph.D. in 1983 from Harvard—where he taught briefly before arriving at Northeastern—he has become a senior analyst at the Beacon Hill Institute for Public Policy, a place he juggles his time with along with teaching at Suffolk. â€Å"It’s funny the way things work,† he said. â€Å"But you know, life goes on. I teach at Suffolk now and I’m very happy.† In terms of his tenure rejection at Northeastern, Haughton said that while the incident caused some stress, he remembered that such episodes are common. â€Å"Everyone is academia realizes that’s the game,† he said. â€Å"If you have solid skills, you’ll land on your feet somewhere.†

Faulker vs. Hemingway Essay

Each writer has its very own and unique style when writing a story. The style a writer uses to write a story shows the tone being use, symbolism, characterization and description, enough for the reader to understand the story. Two well-known writers with completely different styles are Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner. â€Å"Faulkner uses many words to weave an intricate picture in the reader’s head of what is going on, and Hemingway uses many monosyllabic words to create a seemingly simple story† (Dayan). Their similarities and differences in style are seen when comparing and contrasting two of their famous short stories, â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† by Ernest Hemingway and â€Å"Barn Burning† by William Faulkner. Ernest Hemingway’s story â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† uses simple words that directly mean what they stand for. Hemingway uses simple, less complex words to describe both characters and setting. Examples of it are found in the title, â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† (Hemingway 141). The two waiters describe the customer as a â€Å"clean old man†¦ a good client† (Hemingway 141). Hemingway’s word choice was blunt and to the point. The word usage does not let the reader get funny ideas or leeway to think anything other than what Hemingway says. Hemingway’s style reflects when the young waiter states the old man is â€Å"drunk† (Hemingway 141). The young waiter does not suggest he was tipsy or that he seemed intoxicated, he simply meant he was drunk. On the other hand, William Faulkner’s use of words are more complicated due to the fact they are slang and misspelled. Some misspelled words and slang are â€Å"kin†¦ hisn†¦ and hit† (Faulkner 145) which stands for the words can, his, and it. The reason for the use of a southern accent is to set the mood of where the story takes place. Racist slurs such as â€Å"nigger† (Faulkner 146) are used to build a certain attitude toward the character who says them. Faulkner describes the way Abner walks as â€Å"stiffly† (Faulkner 146) which also affects the way the reader feels about the character. Many readers who are not familiar with the south the complex word usage in â€Å"Barn Burning† mean many things and nothing at times; this can also affect the reader’s attitude toward the story. In his writing Ernest Hemingway gives you a clearer and easier image of the setting in the story. â€Å"It was late and everyone had left the cafe except an old man who sat in the shadow the leaves of the trees made against the electric light† (Hemingway 141). Another image follows instantly, of a girl and a soldier hurriedly passing by, â€Å"The street light shone on the brass number on his collar† (Hemingway 141). These images are visualized clearly which helps set the setting. The images Hemingway wants to show and describe in his story are put into simple words, which leave no confusion for the reader not to be able to feel or see the story. However William Faulkner uses a different technique. Faulkner’s images are given in difficult wording with excessive details. An example of this is shown in one of his stories, â€Å"ranked shelves close-packed with the solid, squat, dynamic shapes of tin cans whose labels his stomach read†¦ the scarlet devils and the silver curve of fish† (Faulkner 145). His description is longer and harder to understand unlike Hemingway which is easier and understandable to read. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway brings us to the moment with speed†¦In contrast Faulkner gently leads, involves and seduces, and then overwhelms† (Hemingway, Line: Ernest). When reading Faulkner’s story’s one must re-read the story in order to understand. In Ernest Hemingway’s story, the details he wants to describe are done to get the theme across. The details of the cafe and the bar are given so one can compare and understand the character’s loneliness and his need for light and cleanness. The cafe was â€Å"clean†¦ well-lighted† (Hemingway 144). The bar on the other hand was unpolished. Other details Hemingway includes are those of the old man’s character. â€Å"Last week he tried to commit suicide,† (Hemingway 141) and â€Å"He has plenty of money. † (Hemingway 141) are given to descried the old man and set a setting. Also the language used in Faulkner and Hemingway are completely different. For instance the language used in the story â€Å"Barn Burning† by William Faulkner includes informal and slightly slanged words. â€Å"‘Naw,’ he said. â€Å"Hit don’t hurt. Lemme be. ’† (Faulkner 147). Interior Monologue also makes up the element of language. Interior monologue is a tool through which a writer can exhibit the thoughts of the characters to the readers. â€Å"I could run on and on and never look back, never need to see his face again. † (Faulkner 155) is Sarty’s interior monologue. Faulkner uses interior monologue to prove Sarty was not allowed to express himself freely out of fear. The sentence structure used in a story also has an impact on the reader’s attitude. The sentences are structured in a way to get certain points and feelings across. Sentence structure in Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† includes short, choppy, simple and direct sentences. For example, ‘â€Å"He has plenty of money. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Hemingway 141) and â€Å"‘Nothing. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Hemingway 141). Formal, complex and long drawn-out sentences make up the sentence structure in â€Å"Barn Burning† by William Faulkner. â€Å"In the day the street was dusty, but at night the dew settled the dust and the old man liked to sit late because he was deaf and now at night it was quiet and he felt the difference. † (Faulkner 141). His sentences tend to long and breath taking. Faulkner’s style is formal but excessively detailed. He creates sentences extremely complicated that many times the best way to understand them is to go back and re-read the sentence. â€Å"The boy, crouched on his nail keg at the back of the crowded room, knew he smelled cheese, and more: from where he sat he could see the ranked shelves close-packed with the solid, squat, dynamic shapes of tin cans whose labels his stomach read, not from the lettering which meant nothing to his mind but from the scarlet devils and the silver curve of fish-this, the cheese which he knew he smelled and the hermetic meat which his intestines believed he smelled coming in intermittent gusts momentary and brief between the other constant one, the smell and sense just a little of fear because mostly of despair and grief, the old fierce pull of blood† (Faulkner 145). The style of both Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner are very different. One style, Hemingway being simple and to the point the other, easy enough for the reader to get a quick understanding and clear image of the story. Faulkner being complicated and full of details makes it complicated for the reader to understand the story. One must be open minded in order to understand Faulkner’s stories and the possible meanings of each one. Works Cited Dayan, Evea. â€Å"Faulkner Vs. Hemingway: A Comparison of Writing Styles. † Associated Content from Yahoo! – Associatedcontent. com. Web. 30 July 2011. http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/292995/faulkner_vs_hemingway_a_comparison. html? cat=38 Faulkner, William. â€Å"Barn Burning. † Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 2nd Compact ed. New York: Longman, 2000. 145-158. Hemingway, Ernest. â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place. † Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 2nd Compact ed. New York: Longman, 2000. 141-144. Hemingway, Line: Ernest. â€Å"Philip S. Rader – Faulkner